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File: <enicocep.htm> [For
educational purposes only] Glossary <Principal
Natural Enemy Groups >
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HEMIPTERA, Enicocephalidae
-- <Images>
& <Juveniles> These are the Unique-headed or gnat
bugs. They are small, slender and
predaceous and are generally
4 mm long, and occur
worldwide. The head is elongated and somewhat constricted.
The front wings are entirely membranous. In the United States there is a rare species, Systeloderes biceps (Say), which may be the only one. There are about 130 identified
species. Clausen (1940) made brief
mention of this family, stating that it was a relatively small group which
inhbited foliage and flowers and fed on a variety of insects in those
habitats. =
= = = = = = = = = = = References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references
may be found at: MELVYL
Library] Banar, P. & P. Stys. 2006.
A new species of Pseudohenschiella
(Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae) from Madagascar. Acta Ent. Musei Nationalis Pragae 46: 7-14. Hoberlandt, L. & P. Stys. 1979.
Tamopocoris asiaticus gen. And sp. n. -- a new aphelocheirine from Vietnam and
further studies on Naucoridae (Heteroptera).
Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae 33(B):
1-20. Jacobs,
D.H. 1985. Heteroptera. In: Insects of Southern Africa (Eds C.H. Scholtz
& E. Holm). Butterworths, Durban, p. 117-152. Kulalova-Peck,
J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan
leg. Canad. J. Zool. 61: 1618-1669. Kukalova-Peck,
J. 1991. Fossil histories, and the
evolution of hexapod structures. Pp.
141-179. In: CSIRO (ed.): The Insects of Australia. A
textbook for students and research workers. Vols. 1, 2. Melbourne Univ.
Press, Carlton. 1137 pp. Polhemus, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus. 1988. The Aphelocheirinae of tropical Asia
(Heteroptera: Naucoridae). Raffles
Bull. Zool. 36: 167-300. Schuh,
R. T. & J. A. Slater. 1995. True
Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification & Natural History, Comstock Publ. Assoc.,
Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca & London.
13: 353 pp. Stys, P.
1970. Three new aberrant
species of Systelloderes Blanch
from the Old World, and notes on the tribal classification of Enicocephalinae
(Heteroptera). Acta
Universitatis Carolinae Biological 1968:
435-454. Stys,
P. 1985. Phallopiratinae-- a new subfamily of plesiomorphic
Enicocephalidae based on a new genus and four new species from the Oriental
region (Heteroptera). Acta
Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 1981:
269-310. Stys,
P. 2002a. New enicocephaline genera similar to Systelloderes (Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica
45(2001): 319-338. Stys,
P. 2002b. Key to the genus-group taxa of the extant Enicocephalomorpha of
the World, their list, and taxonomic changes (Heteroptera). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica
45(2001): 339-368 Stys, P. & P. Banar. 2006. Description of a new genus with larviform
females from Mauritius (Heteroptera, Enicocephalidae), with discussion of
thoracic and abdominal morphology.
Pp. 681-695. In: W. Rabitsch (ed.): Hug the bug-- For love
of true bugs. Festschrift zum
70. Geburtstag von Ernst Heiss. Denisia 19: 1-1184. Usinger,
R. L. Classification of the
Enicocephalidae (Hemiptera, Reduvioidea).
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer 38(3):
321-142 Villiers, A. 1969. Revision des
Hemipteres Henicocephalidae Africaines et Malgaches. Ann. De Musee Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Ser.
In-8 deg. Sciences Zoologiques (Tervuren) 176: 1-232. Wygodzinsky, P. W. & K. Schmidt. 1991. Revision of the New World
Enicocephalomorpha (Heteroptera).
Bull Amer. Mus. Nat. History 200:
1-265. |